GOD PARTICLES

GOD PARTICLES

 

Introduction

            Atom is base for all in the world. But electron, neutron and proton are base for all atoms. But subatomic particles only give color, mass and also structure to atoms. Scientists at Europe's CERN research centre have found a new subatomic particle in 4 Jul 2012 that could be the Higgs boson, the basic building block of the universe.  It helps to understand the big universal question, which is what we are made out of. CERN scientists reporting from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have claimed the discovery of a new particle consistent with the Higgs boson. The discovery is called a boson, a class of sub-atomic particle.  It is well known that the 'Higgs' of Higgs boson is refers to British physicist Peter Higgs. Which is also named “God particle”. This research changes the standard model of atom.

God Particle in Atom

     

       The base of atom is known as Proton, Electron & Neutron. This have consists of many subatomic particles which are called Elementary particles. All particles have the basic thing that is mass and charge. Opposite charges attracts. Same charges repulse. But in nucleus, having all are protons but they do not repulse. Then only they found the 6 types of quarks. Between the quarks there are two nuclear forces, one is strong nuclear force and another one is weak nuclear force. So there are 4 forces are in atom that called magnetic force, attractive force, strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force this called standard model. The forces are created by some particles for example electromagnetic force was created by photon, which is a light particle. So the research continues based on which particle makes strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force. Then after they find the strong nuclear force was created by gluon particle and weak nuclear force was created by W boson & Z boson. The symbol of Higgs Boson is H⁰. Higgs Boson has no Electric charge value, no spin value and no color charge.

Elementary particles

This model that has been pretty successful, but one piece missing for over 20 years and close to 30 years. There were actually two pieces missing when the model was first put together over 30 years ago. The particle quark was discovered about 17 years ago. According to the Standard Model, all elementary particles are either bosons or fermions (depending on their spin). The spin-statistics theorem identifies the resulting quantum statistics that differentiates fermions from bosons. According to this methodology, Particles normally associated with matter are fermions. They have half-integer spin and are divided into twelve flavours. Particles associated with fundamental forces are bosons and they have integer spin.

Elementary fermions (matter particles) are two types they are Quarks and Leptons. The Quarks have six types they are up, down, charm, strange, top and bottom. Leptons also have six types they are electron, electron neutrino, muon, muon neutrino, tau and tau neutrino. Elementary bosons (force-carrying particles) are four types they are gluon, W and Z bosons, and photon. And other bosons are called Higgs boson. Of these, a boson that could be of the larger family of Higgs boson was the last discovered and was claimed as the heaviest boson ever found. Additional elementary particles may exist, such as the graviton, which would mediate gravitation. Such particles lie beyond the Standard Model.

CERN Lab

            Scientists at Europe's CERN research centre have found a new subatomic particle. CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, is a laboratory that studies particles and their interactions, but is not concerned with nuclear energy or weaponry. Rolf Heuer is director-general of CERN. At that time, pure physics research concentrated on understanding the inside of the atomic nucleus. Very soon, the work at the laboratory went beyond the study of the atomic nucleus and onto sub-nuclear particles and their interactions. CERN is commonly referred as European laboratory for particle research. European standards and directives are ensuring the level of environmental safety and protection of CERN lab. They improve continuously its environmental performance through an Environmental Management System. They informing to the Host States, France and Switzerland, as well as the public of the results of its Environmental Monitoring Program. Monitoring all parameters that might reveal any impact on the environment, such as those related to atmospheric emissions, effluent water, radiation, consumption of electricity and production of waste. The CERN lab having ATLAS detector, the 27km long Large Hadron Collider (LHC) passes through the centre. This is the very big LHC in the world, so they choose the CERN for that particle research.

Research and Result

            The scientists were released the mechanism, which are many particles may be in same quantum position and Many particles can’t stay in same quantum position. For example the different electrons can’t get same quantum position and many type of photon (light particle) get same quantum position. If more than one particle in same quantum position that works on Bose-Einstein mechanism, which particles are called Boson. The different quantum position particles can act in Fermi-track mechanism, which particles are called fermion. Particle physicists study matter made from fundamental particles whose interactions are mediated by exchange particles known as force carriers.

At the beginning of the 1960s a number of these particles had been discovered or proposed, along with theories suggesting how they relate to each other, some of which had already been reformulated as field theories in which the objects of study are not particles and forces, but quantum fields and their symmetries. However, attempts to unify known fundamental forces such as the electromagnetic force and the weak nuclear force were known to be incomplete. One known omission was that gauge invariant approaches, which held great promise for unified theories, also seemed to predict known massive particles as massless.

In 1963 six scientist were released the mechanism, which says about the particles crosses the field it gets reacted and that reaction causes the change in mass. Strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force based on quarks like that Higgs boson create Higgs field. In an electromagnetic field when a particle passes throw it, we can find the electric charge on the particle similarly when a particle crosses Higgs field we can find the mass of the particle. Higgs mechanism released in 1964 then after that only (1970) strong nuclear force and weak nuclear was found. All particles were found except Higgs boson, because it get more technical problem. By smashing the photon particles Higgs boson particles were found.

Inventors of Higgs particle

Scientists at Europe's CERN research centre have found a new subatomic particle that could be the Higgs boson, the basic building block of the universe. It is well known that the 'Higgs' of Higgs boson is refers to British physicist Peter Higgs, who in 1964 laid much of the conceptual groundwork for the presence of the elusive particle. However, it's not exactly common knowledge that the term "boson" owes its name to the pioneering work of the late Indian physicist, Satyendranath Bose. Bose, who worked in Kolkata and Dhaka, was a contemporary of Albert Einstein. He made important contributions to the field of quantum physics in the 1920s that changed how particle physics has been studied ever since. 
In 1924, he sent a paper to Einstein describing a statistical model that eventually led to the discovery of what became known as the Bose-Einstein condensate phenomenon. This transformed Bose's life. After 1945 he continued research till his death. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's second highest civilian award, in 1954.

Peter Ware Higgs was born in 29 May 1929. He is a British theoretical physicist. He is best known for his 1960s proposal of broken symmetry in electroweak theory, explaining the origin of mass of elementary particles in general and of the W and Z bosons in particular. This so-called Higgs mechanism, which was proposed by several physicists besides Higgs at about the same time, predicts the existence of a new particle, the Higgs boson. The Higgs mechanism is generally accepted as an important ingredient in the Standard Model of particle physics, without which particles would have no mass. Higgs has been honoured with a number of awards in physics. The recent discovery of the Higgs boson prompted fellow physicist Stephen Hawking to note that he thought that Higgs should receive the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work.

Reason for the Name

In 1993 Leon Lederman is a famous writer. He wrote a book about Higgs particle name as ‘God dam it particle’, because the particle is both important and extremely difficult to prove, the epithet is strongly disliked by many physicists. So he gave the title like that. But publisher released by the name of ‘The God Particle’ for their TRB rate. Massless partial theorem was already derived by Satyendra Nath Bose, which is from Calcutta. That mechanism was accepted by Einstein. Einstein converted that rules for mass particles. And now that was proved by peter Higgs. So only this particle named Higgs boson.

Uses of the Higgs Particle

            Highs particle helps answer basic questions about how the universe evolved. Higgs boson’s discovery teaches us something fundamental about the building blocks of the universe and how the fundamental particles that build the world around us acquire mass. It changes the standard model of atom. The Higgs boson matters because it tells us about 'matter.' This is curiosity-driven research and addresses basic questions about the evolution of the universe. It could lead to unexpected everyday applications. This discovery is certainly basically fundamental research. In fundamental research, there are no guarantees that there will be direct and immediate applications to everyday life. "However, fundamental research has turned out a huge number of things that are relevant for everyday life.  For instance, in the 1930s, Carl Anderson discovered anti-matter, and now anti-matter plays a very large role in Positron Emission Tomography (PET), and PET scans are really widely used nowadays in medicine, so this is a very important application to the lives of many people. Like that Higgs also may be having some uses. Higgs only gives mass to the object. So if we control the boson field artificially, we can reduce the particles mass. It is used to launch satellite that is equal to speed of light.

Conclusion

This research allows physicists to try to go where no scientist has gone before. Without the Higgs particle, other particles, such as electrons and quarks, would be massless and the universe would not be what it is. Now, with the amazing results from the Large Hadron Collider, we are finally finding growing experimental evidence that the Higgs really exists. The second part of the story about the Higgs particle is even more exciting as it provides us with a window to new physics a tool for the exploration of the truly unknown. The next stage will be a detailed and careful study of its properties. Successful completion of this second stage will bring us closer to uncovering new physics, explaining dark matter and other mysteries of the universe.